Carbon Nanotubes Uses and Properties

deoxycytidine monophosphate Nanotubes Uses and PropertiesABSTRACTFor the first cartridge holder in the human history, we atomic number 18 close to being able to manipulate the basic forms of all the things, quick and inanimate, take them apart and put them together in almost anyways the mind johnister imagine.The sophistication with which scientists argon learning to engineer outlet at the nanometer scale is giving us unprecedented control of a large part of our environment. The world of the future will be defined by how we use this mastery. Nanotechnology is engineering at the molecular (groups of atoms) level. It is the incarnate term for a range of technologies, techniques and fermentes that involve the manipulation of matter at the smallest scale(from 1 to 100 nm2). degree Celsius carbon carbon nanotubes arrive at been under scientific probe for more than fifteen years because of their unique properties that predestine them for many potency applications. The field of nanotechnology and nanoscience push their investigation forward to produce carbon nanotubes with commensurate parameters for future applications. Carbon nanotubes argon one of the most commonly mentioned construction blocks of nanotechnology.With one hundred times the tensile strength of steel, thermal conductivity better than all but the purest diamond and electrical conductivity inter salmagundiable to copper, but with the capability to carry much advanceder currents, they seem to be a wonder material.Field effect transistors using carbon nanotubes came into existence, these have a extremely equitable properties.CARBON NANOTUBESEvolution of NanoImportance of Nano in present day scenarioMoores LawGreatness of CarbonGrapheneCarbon nanotubeSynthesis of CNTProperties of CNTPurification ordersReal time applicationsGREATNESS OF CARBONCarbon is the 4th most abundant element in the Universe by mass after( Hydrogen, Helium and Oxygen).Forms more compounds that any other element, with almost 10 million pure organic compounds.Abundance, unique diversity and unusual polymer forming ability at the temperatures makes the element the chemical basis of life.CARBON NANOTUBESCarbon nanotubes be long, thin cylinders of carbon which were discovered in 1991 by Sumio Iijima.A canvass of graphene rolled in cylindrical structure results in Carbon nanotube of 1 atom thickness and diameter in nano scale.Nanotubes have a very broad range of electronic, thermal, and structural properties that changes due to change in length, diameter and chirality or twist.Types of Carbon Nano TubesSingle walledIn these single walled nano tubes atomic number 18 narrower than the multi walled nano tubes ,the diameters typically in the range of 1-2nm ,and t bar to be curved rather than straight. In these SWNT only single layer of grephene .Catalyst is required for implication .Bulk synthesis is difficult as it requires proper control over growth and atmospherical condition .In these SWNT P urity is poor and less accumulation in bole .Characterization and evaluation is easy .It can be easily twisted and are more pliable. These tubes are apply to make super strong inter-group communication bodies .These single walled nano tubes are utilise as elastic property and used to make bullet proof vests.Multi walledMulti walled nano tubes consists of multiple layers of graphite rolled in on themselves to for a tube shape .There are two models which can be used to describe the structures of multi walled nano tubes .In these MWNT multiple layer of grephene and can be produced without catalyst Bulk synthesis is easy .Purity is last ,more accumulation in body .It has very complex structure .It can not be easily twisted.SynthesisLaser ablationA pulsed or unbroken laser is used which will vaporize a graphite can in an oven at 1200c . Oven is filled with helium argon gas .In nightspot to keep the pressure at 500 torr ,Since the optimum priming gas as catalyst mixture is the sa me as in the arc discharge process Laser ablation method is connatural to arc discharge method .This method is vey expensive so it is chiefly used for SWNTs laser vapourization results in higher yield of SWNTs with narrow size distribution than those produced in arc discharge process .Catalyst used for SWNT is NIY (4.21 At%).Arc fulfil MethodArc Discharge method has been reported for producing carbon nano tubes .In these method nano tubes are produced through arc vapourization of two carbon rods placed end to end with a distance of 1mm in an environment of inert gases such(prenominal) as helium argon at pressure b/w 50 to 100 amps driven by 20v which will create high temperature discharge b/w two electrodes ,due to this anode wil get evaporated and rod make tubes will be deposited on cathode.Bulk production of CNTs depends on union of plasma arc and temperature of depositon The Main principle is carbon nano fibres are good at absorbing capability so they can absorb the energy coming from the bullet .The inherent property of elasticity makes the bullet to quail .Its is 100% stronger thean steel.Lighter than aluminium.Conduct electricity as copper .These fibres can be used as space elevators .Purification Of CNTsNanotubes usually contain a large add of impurities such as metal particles ,amorphous carbon ,and multishell .These are different steps in purification of nano tubes .Air OxidationThe Carbon nano tubes are having less purity ,the average purity is about 5-10%.So,Purification is requisite before attachment of drugs onto CNTs .Air oxidation is useful in minify the amount of amorphous carbon and metal catalyst particles (Ni,Y).Acid ReflexingRefluxing the savour in strong irate is efficient in reducing the amount of metal particles and amorphous carbon ,different acids used were hydrochloric acid (HCL),nitric acid(HNO3)and sulphuric acid (H2so4)bt HCL is identified to e ideal reflexing acid .Surfactant support sonication, filtration and tempe rAfter the acid reflexing ,the CNTs were purer but ,tubes were entagled together ,trapping most of the impurities,such as carbon particles and catalyst particles ,which were difficult to remove with flitration .so,surfactant aided sonication was carried out .sodium dodecyl benezene sulphonate (SDBS) aided sonication with ethanol or methanol ,as organic solvent were preferred cz it took the endless ime time fr CNTS to settle down ,indicating an even suspension put forward was achieved .The sample was then filtered with un ultra filtration unit and annealed at 1273k in N2 for 4H .Annealing is effective in optimizing the CNT structures .It was provided the surfactant aided sonication is effective to untangle CNTs therefrom to free the particulate impurities embedded in the entanglement .Nano tube can also be purified by multistep purification method .Real time applicationsCarrier for drug deliveryCarbon Horns (CNHs) are the speherical aggregates of CNTs with strong Horn like shape .Research studies have proved CNTs CNHs as a potential carrier for drug delivery scheme .Genetic EngineeringIn Genetic engineering ,CNTs and CNHs are used to manipulate genes and atoms in the development of bio imaging geneomas protemics and meander engineering .The unwound DNA (single stranded )winds around SWNT by connecting its specific neucletoids and causes change in its electrostatic property .this creates its potential application diagnostics and in therapeutics Nano tubes and nanohorns can adehere various antigens on their surface ,hence act as source of antigen in vaccines .Hence by use of nanotubes ,use of dead bacteria as source for antigen which is sometimes dangerous can be avoided .Pseudo move switchesThese are switches which work upon principle of field dismission, this spark is achieved by triggering. principally the triggering methods areSurface discharge triggeringOptical triggeringPulsed low-current glow discharge triggering further cnts have a good emitting properties when compared from above methods.For field emission cnts are used as cold cathode emitters.The field emission characteristics of cnts are mostly reported at high mindlessness pressures of 10-6 and 10-7 torr.Usage of cnts for field emission resulted in good properties and working of pseudo spark switches in both high pressure and low pressure vacuum..