Bullying and Harassment Among the Lgbtq Youth Essay Example for Free

Bullying and Harassment Among the Lgbtq Youth EssayAdolescence is a strong stage in life because it is a time for some(prenominal) when social status is seen as very important and self-esteem endure be fragile. integritys social status can directly affect matchlesss self esteem and overall happiness. Unfortunately, many of those who possess a high(prenominal)(prenominal) social status in middle and high train use it against those who ar deemed socially inferior to them, whether that is due to race, attractiveness, intelligence or informality. In some other words, the adolescents at the bottom of the social pyramid ar practically subjected to determent and molestation from their socially superior classmates. Bullying and bedevilment strike become a widespread problem in develops all around the United States and prepare proved to have serious implications, lots(prenominal) as problems in academics for those who ar victimized by bullies. Victimization from bul lying and badgering can be linked to lowered self-esteem, anxiety, depression, avoidance of school, and self-destruction (Hawker Boulton, 2000).Unfortunately, one of the most victimized groups of students subjected to bullying and harassment is the homosexual, amusing, bisexual, transgendered and queer youth. According to the National Youth Association, 9 out of 10 LGBT students have experienced harassment while at school. It alike states that LGBT teens are bullied both to three times as much as straight teens. These high rates of bullying whitethorn explain why more(prenominal) than one-third of LGBT kids have attempted suicide (Hawker Boulton, 2000). Specific harm aimed towards LGBTQ community, known as light bashing and comic bullying can be defined as verbal or physical disgust against a person who is perceived by the antagonist to be gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgendered. This as well includes those who are actually heterosexual exclusively may appear to be n on-heterosexual due to stereo geeks. The three main types of bullying the LGBTQ youth is most subjected to are verbal harassment, physical assault, and cyber bullying.The first main type of bullying, verbal harassment may be hard to detect because it leaves no physical proof, but rather mental and emotional trauma. However, it is still a democratic and damaging tactic used by bullies to hurt the LGBTQ youth everyday. In fact, concord to Rivers study in 1996, it is the most popular tactic among bullies. Also, according to bullyingstatistics.org, many victims of verbal bullying experience lowered self-image, and can have lasting effects in emotional and psychological ways. This type of bullying can lead to low self-esteem, as well as depression and other problems (Hawker Boulton, 2000). According to Rivers study in 2001, many LGBTQ adolescents report world undecided to verbal harassment and stigmatization. Rivers recent survey shows that 82% of the LGBTQ youth in schools are subje cted to verbal slurs (Rivers 2001). According to other study from the Mental health of America in 1998 on verbal abuse, students hear anti-gay slurs such(prenominal) as homo, faggot and sissy about 26 times a day, which would be about once every 14 minutes throughout their school day.Anti-gay language used on a regular basis in school settings is creating an unfriendly and unwelcoming atmosphere for the LGTBQ students, which may be causing them to be isolated and socially withdrawn (Swearer, Turner, Givens, Pollack, 2008). Although non all anti-gay slurs heard in school are meant to be malicious, it is still hurtful for the gay youth to hear. Many adolescents who use gay slurs may not be homophobic, but more ignorant to LGBTQ issues. apparently not all homophobic name-calling is directed at young gay and lesbians. For example, researchers launch that terms such as gay and homo are often used to refer to anything unmasculine or uncool (Duncan, 1999). Regardless of intention, th e constant degradation of these words causes a hostile and uncomfortable environment for the LGBTQ youth (Thurlow, 2001). Homophobic slurs such as Thats so gay, or no homo, are popular among adolescents and often go unpunished due to the heteronormative atmosphere dominating schools (Thurlow, 2001).Many students may feel hesitant to speak out against anti-gay slurs out of fear of being persecuted themselves. In the U.K. a series of surveys commissioned by Stonewall reported that as many as 93 percent of young gay, lesbian and bisexual plenty who are out at school suffer verbal abuse (Thurlow, 2001). It is evident that it is not a coincidence the LGBTQ youth face the most harassment of any minority at school. Along with verbal abuse, LGBTQ youth also experience physical rage in schools across the country everyday. Back in the 1980s and 1990s sociologists such as Joyce Hunter thought that much of the physical abuse happening towards the LGBTQ population stemmed from the stigma and f ear that came from the AIDS epidemic that was spreading rapidly among the gay community in that time. In a study as recent as 2003, 60% of LGBTQ youth had reported being assaulted physically due to their sexual orientation (Chesir-Taran, 2003) These physical actions towards the gay and lesbian youth has caused many to fear going to school. In fact, many LGBTQ students avoid school in order to escape the physical harassment. This drop in attendance has detrimental effects on the students academics (American Educational Research Association).According to StopBullying.gov, since LGBTQ students are more apt(predicate) to avoid school they are at a higher risk for decreased academic achievement, including lower GPA and standardized test scoresand school participation. They are more likely to miss, skip, or drop out of school as well. LGBTQ youth that have been subjected to physical harassment, or youth perceivedas lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, are more are also more likely smo ke, use alcohol and drugs, or engage in other risky behaviors (Rivers 2001). This also causes lesbians, gays or bisexuals to be twice as likely as their peers to be depressed and think about or attempt suicide (Russell Joyner, 2001). This high rate is physical abuse may be one of the reasons why the American Educational Research Association reported that LGBT teens are 3.3 times more likely to think about committing suicide than heterosexual teenagers, as well as three times more likely to actually commit suicide.These victims of physical abuse also have higher rates of unexcused absences from school (American Educational Research Association). According to the social comparison theory, anti-gay strength, such as hates crimes tend to occur due to heterosexuals wanting to prevail a distinction between themselves and homosexuals. Meaning that the bullies are not acting on their own, but in a group. Some research implies that heterosexuals preform violence upon homosexuals to creat e a negative evaluation of LGBTQs, which in return creates a larger separation between homosexuals and heterosexuals. In other words, heterosexuals wants to make a readable distinction between themselves and homosexuals, and therefore violence is used to create this differentiation (American Educational Research Association). Since the LGBTQ is such a small minority group in most schools it is easy for heterosexuals to make the homosexuals the out-group, whereas other heterosexuals benefit from in-group biases and treatment (Herek, Berrill Berrill, 1992). What is so important about the social comparison theory and gay violence is that violence is one of the most effective and obvious way to create a differentiation between the in and out-groups.Interestingly, Herek Berill found that most crime related cherry acts usually only involved one victim and one perpetrator, however when these violent acts were considered hate crimes, especially among gays and lesbians, the number of per petrators averaged around four. Herek Berill also found in their research that boys are at a high risk for being both the perpetrator and victim, most likely due to bullies wanting to assert their sexual superiority and masculinity over homosexual boys (Herek Berill, 1992). In contrast to being pushed into lockers or being called homophobic slurs while walking down the hallway to class, LGBTQ students are subjected to a new form of harassment nowadays, which takes place outside of the classroom, and more specifically on the Internet. According to stop bullying.gov, Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place via electronic technology. This includes devices such as cell phones, com devoteers, social media sites, text messages, web chat, and websites. One reason that this type of bullying is on the rise is because as technology advances, adolescents become more exposed to it, while adults become more disconnected.This discrepancy in culture between adults and adolescents causes many parents to become unaware of what their children are doing on the Internet, which may put them at a risk for being harassed, or even preforming the harassment (Keith Martin, 2005). One of the most recent and well-known cases of anti-gay cyber bullying is the story of Tyler Clementi, a gay Rutgers University student. Clementi was a victim of cyber-bullying because his roommate, Dharun Ravi, spied on his make-out sessions with a dark webcam and outed him online. This caused Tyler Clementi to kill himself by jumping off the George Washington Bridge in 2010.Studies show that LGBTQ youth who are bullied online were more likely to have skipped school, to have detentions or suspensions, or to carry a weapon to school (Ybarra, Diener-West, Leaf, 2007). In this same study, the majority of the participants who admitted to being the perpetrators of cyber bullying attributed anonymity for feeling more comfortable harassing others online due to the fact they had little fear of repercussions o r of being traced backed to crime.This leads aggressors to threaten, harass, or abuse others and to even affect a new persona or character online (Ybarra et al, 2007). The victims in this study reported that they felt more helpless when they were attacked via the Internet, than in classroom. One student from another study related to cyber bullying stated that said that she felt like there was no point in telling an adult about cyber harassment because there is no proof who actually did the bullying, simply because the perpetrator could easily say, that wasnt actually me, it was someone pretending to be me (Keith Martin, 2005) Although one study found that cyber bullying is the least common type of bullying (Wang, Nansel Iannotti, 2010,) the fact that these cyber bullying victims feel as though they cannot seek help or end the development may explain this study found that these students had the highest rates of depression and helplessness.Some studies, such as one in 2003 say that the high rates of suicide and depression among LGTBQ youth are proof of internalized self-homophobia (van Wormer Mckinney, 2003). In other words, the LGBTQ youth are so exposed to homophobia that it has caused them to become self-hating and prejudiced against their own-selves. Hiding in the closet, not fitting in, and living in fear has caused a melting pot for self-hatred, and self-embarrassment. Findings from this research stated that those who are considered to be experiencing self-hating are at a higher risk for reckless and self-destructive behavior. The findings from this research even go as far as crediting the high rates of AIDS among gay communities to self-hatred. The results state that many gay men fail to use protection due to a subconscious belief that they feel guilty for being queer and are unable(p) to deprogram the negative stereotypes they receive for being queer.The same researcher also found that high rates of might be due to high drug addiction rates among q ueers that may be brought on by self-hatred (van Wormer Mckinney, 2003). Although the recent suicides and murders of LGBTQ youth such as the death of Matthew Shepard in 1998 are unwarranted and tragic, they have started paved the way for protection of all students institutionally, regardless of sexual orientation. Promptly after the death of Shepard the organization known as PFLAG implemented 150 chapters in the U.S. schooling system (van Wormer Mckinney, 2003). These chapters helped raise press for non-discriminatory policies in schools, support straight-gay compacts, donate LGBTQ literature to libraries, and to train teachers in crisis interventions.GSA clubs in schools have been credited as one of the major factors in helping teenagers create openly gay lives with peers and relate and support them (van Wormer Mckinney, 2003) According to the dauntless, Lesbian, Straight Education web, there are over 3000 gay-straight alliance programs in high schools across the country. Van Wormer Mckinney describe harm reduction principals as a guide produced by the U.S. Department of Education and Justice to disparage violence against students. Recently, the state of Massachusetts was the first state to enforce teachers to discuss homosexuality as well as heterosexuality in age-appropriate ways to hold students from feeling left out.According to the Gay Lesbian Straight Education Network, there are three different federal laws protecting LGBTQ students from bullying and harassment in schools. The first type of law that prevents bullying and harassment of LGBTQ students is known as the Enumerated Anti-Bullying Laws. The states that have implemented this specific law include Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, wise Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. With this law LGBTQ students can feel safer at their schools and know that these laws forget protect them and there will be reper cussions for those who do not follow them. The split second type of law protecting LGBTQ students is known as the non-discriminatory law.The following states have implanted this non-discriminatory law California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. With this law implemented LBGTQ students cannot not be denied basic fundamental rights, and are guaranteed the same opportunities as heterosexual students. Unlike the first two laws, the third law may harm or tag LGBTQ students. This is because this law bans LGBTQ students from receiving extra or special protection, even though it is proven they are at a higher risk for being harassed and bullied. No promo homo laws, local or state education laws that expressly forbid teachers from discussing gay and transgender issues. The states that allowed this law to be implanted are Alabama, Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, a nd Utah.Apart from the regimen and organizations pushing for protection of LGBTQ youth in schools, public figures have also reached out to the young gay community to remind them how important they are. In 2010 the illustrious gay author Dan Savage created the It Gets Better Campaign, in response to the suicides of teenagers who were bullied because they were gay. The website consists of LGBTQ people posting videos directed towards others struggling with their sexuality and who might be contemplating suicide.According to Savage, the website was an long success with a claim of 30,000 video entries between 2010 and 2012, including videos from celebrities and respected public figures, such as Barack Obama. This campaign is helping to raise awareness of the injustices and prejudices plaguing the American school systems, which are having detrimental effects on the LGBTQ youth. Another recent and popular campaign that has been gaining much attention recently is known as The Trevor Proje ct. This non-profit organization is also helping raise awareness of the recent LGBTQ youth suicides and according to the gay affiliated magazine, The Advocate the organization offers the Trevor Lifeline, which includes a telephone number, which will connect people with suicidal thoughts to professional counselors.Because the LGBTQ youth is such a small minority in schools across the country, it is to no surprise that they are at the highest risk of being subjected to bullying and harassment in school. This harassment includes, verbal abuse, physical assault and cyber bullying. Therefore it is no surprise studies that were previously mentioned show that 9 out of 10 LGTBQ students have reported some sort of bullying in school. With the extremely high rates of depression, fear and suicide among the gay youth, it is important that there is a social reform implemented across the country, especially in the schooling system.Regardless of personal opinion and beliefs on homosexuality, every one deserves to feel safe and happy in their classroom. Thanks to anti-discriminatory and anti-bullying laws implemented in some states, many LGBTQ youth have been working towards equality. However there is still much progress needed. With positive organizations such as It Gets Better, and The Trevor Project, hopefully the rates of bullying, harassment and suicide among the LGTBQ youth will drop, allowing these young students to witness history for themselves and their queer allies. As Ellen DeGeneres once wisely said, Things will get easier, peoples minds will change, and you should be alive to see it.ReferencesScholarly Research1. Jing Wang, Tonja R. Nansel, Ronald J. Iannotti, Cyber and Traditional Bullying Differential Association With Depression, ledger of immature Health, Volume 48, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 415-417, ISSN 1054-139X, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.07.012. (http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X10003435) Keywords Cyber bullying Traditional bully ing Depression 2. Thurlow, Crispin, Naming the outsider within homophobic pejoratives and the verbal abuse of lesbian, gay and bisexual high-school pupils, Journal of Adolescence, Volume 24, Issue 1, February 2001, Pages 25-38, ISSN 0140-1971, 10.1006/jado.2000.0371. (http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140197100903713) 3. Rivers, I. DAugelli, A.R. (2001). The victimization of lesbian, gay and bisexual youths. In DAugelli, A.R. Patterson, C.J. (ed.) Lesbian, gay and bisexual identities and youth Psychological perspectives, New York Oxford University Press. pp.199-223. 4. Russell, S.T. Joyner, K. (2002). Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk Evidence from a national study. American Journal Public Health, 91, 1276-1281. 5. DAugelli, A. R., Pilkington, N. W., Hershberger, S. L. (2002). relative incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17, 148-167. 6. Herek, G. M., Berrill, K., Berrill, K. T. (1992). Hate crimes, confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. clear-sighted Publications, Inc. 7. Ybarra, M.L., Diener-West, M., Leaf, P.J. (2007). Examining the overlap in Internet harassment and schoolbullying implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6 Suppl 1),S42-50. 8. Van Wormer, K. , Mckinney, R. (2003). What schools can do to help gay/lesbian/bisexual youth A harm reduction approach. Adolescence, 38(151), 409-501. 9. Keith, S., Martin, M. (2005). Cyber-bullying creating a culture of respect in a cyber world. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13(4), 224-228. 10. Chesir-Teran, D. (2003). Conceptualizing and assessing heterosexism in high schools A setting-level approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 267279. 11. Hawker, D. S. J., Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(4), 441-455. 12. Vaillancourt, T., Hymel, S., McDougall, P. (2003). Bullying is exponent Implications for school-based intervention strate- gies. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 19, 157-176. 13. Swearer, S. M., Turner, R. K., Givens, J. E., Pollack, W. S. (2008). Youre so gay Do different forms of bullying matter for adolescent males? School Psychology Review, 37, 160-173. 14. Duncan, N. (1999) intimate Bullying Gender conflict and pupil culture in secondary schools. London, RoutledgeNon-Scholarly Research 15. Tyler Clementi, a gay Rutgers student, was a martyr to cyber-bullying his roommate, Dharun Ravi, spied on his make-out sessions with a hidden webcam and outed him online. (2012, March 19). National Review, 64(5), 10. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA282583085v=2.1u=vol_b92bit=rp=ITOFsw=w 16. Stonewall. (1999, 21 April). Stonewall News 77% of Gay Pupils Suffer Homophobic Bullying. Available (03/06/ 99) at 5httpwww.stonewall.org.uk/news 17. Gay bullying. (2010, November 07). Retrieved from http//www.nyaamerica.org 18. StopBullying.gov. Home StopBullying.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. 19. American Educational Research Association (2011, October 12). Education research shows LGBTQ-identified students at higher risk than straight-identified students. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http//www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2011/10/111012151507.htm 20. Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (2008). 2007 National School Climate Survey Nearly 9 out of 10 LGBT Students Harassed. Retrieved December 5, 2012, from

Harley Davidson History Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson History EssayActually, the history of the Harley-Davidson connection began in 1903, when two brothers, point Harley and Walter Davidson, invented their first ridecycle in Milwaukee (Gannon, 2002, p. 8). At that close of time other companies produced motorcycles in the North-Ameri arouse states and one of them, the Indian Motorcycle Company, became the master(prenominal) competitor of Harley-Davidson for many years. In fact, it was a bicycle, equipped with a one-cylinder motor. All details of that motorcycle were produced manually. Later, the second version of that bike was produced with more powerful motor and it became the first motorcycle for sales event (p. 10).Three bikes were assembled that year and the Harley-Davidson Company opened the first page of its history. In 1904, the brothers produced 8 motorcycles and in 1906 it were 50. The company developed very quickly and by that period of time it included virtually 20 employees hired. Harley-Davidson c onstantly aspired to create a high speed bike and as a result the new regulate known as V-twin was introduced in 1909. The specially designed vacuum valves and a belt transmission were the main features of that model (Oliver, 1957, p. 26). In 1910, the legendary Bar and harbour logo was developed.It continues to be the main defining symbol of Harley-Davidson bikes today (p. 28). The significant progress of the Harley-Davidson Company took place in 1912. A new 6-story factory was reinforced and first overseas sales were made in Japan. That year Harley-Davidson presented its first version of gear box. The mechanism of chain gear was designed in 1913 and a three-speed sliding-gear transmission was developed in 1915 (p. 32). It should be emphasized that the First World War played a big role in the development of the Harley-Davidson Company.So, about 20,000 motorcycles were sold to the U. S. military forces by the end of 1918 (Walker, 2000, p. 67). The given order significantly improv ed the reputation of Harley-Davidson and having 2,000 additional dealerships worldwide the company managed to become the biggest motorcycle factory in the world (Oliver, 1957, p. 34). Improving the construction of V-twin motors, companys constructors couldnt get rid of the main problems, typical for the given class of motors. The opened valves lots clogged up and had a lot of maintenance problems.At that time, Indian Motorcycle Company used another construction of V-motors. Though, theoretically that construction was little effective the railway locomotiveers managed to bring it to perfection and got the maximal power and maintenance simplicity. For that reason, the administration of the Harley-Davidson Company took decision to create its own class of V-motors with longitudinal placement. The first flesh of that bike appeared in the last days of the second decade (p. 35). The new model, equipped with the Flathead V-twin engine was invented in 1929 (Walker, 2000, p. 72).The motors of the given model were equipped with side-valves and the classical Flathead could successfully compete with the production of the Indian Motorcycle Company. Unfortunately, Flathead appeared two months earlier the moment when the Great Depression began. The number of sales decreased in several times, plainly the company managed to survive when others went bankrupt. However, having survived the depression time the company managed to stabilize its economy and was in very advantageous position huge demand and the absence of supply. In 1932, the three-wheel Servi-Car was developed (Oliver, 1957, p. 38).Together with the change, called as the eagle design, which was painted on all Harley-Davidson gas tanks, there were a lot of changes made in the engine s construction. Afterwards, the given model made a good impression on the U. S. police, as a result, Servi-Car managed to become police vehicle (p. 38). In 1936, the shithead motorbike was invented and managed to become the victory ov er the Indian (p. 39). The given model took place on the market for 12 years and had a huge lick on the further developments. The engineers continued working on Knucklehead model even during the Second World War.Having changed the motors configuration and added the hydraulic contrivance intended for pushing valves, the constructors managed to get rid of adjusting gaps. Due to the aluminium body of engine the motors heat emission was increased. Afterwards, bikers called that model Penhead. The main event which took place in 1953, it was the collapse of the main competitor of Harley Davidson Indian Motorcycle Company (Walker, 2000, p. 88). Nevertheless, the company faced a lot of problems in the trade field due to the fast development of Japanese and European motorbike companies.Thus, having sold the part of its stocks, Harley Davidson was involved in the cruel fight against foreign producers. In 1969, American Machine and Foundry Company bought the control packet of shares of H arley Davidson and became its actual owner (Oliver, 1957, p. 40). The new motorcycles had a negative impact on the companys reputation and Harley Davidson began to lose the market of Big-twin and Sportster models. In 1971, FX Super Glide model was produced (p. 43). Although the given model wasnt popular, Harley Davidson developed its further unique motorcycles on the fundament of FX Super Glide.By the middle of 70-s the given models couldnt cope with the production of Japanese competitors. As a result, in 1981 senior members of Harley-Davidson bought back Harley-Davidson Motor Company from AMF (Walker, 2000, p. 90). In 1983 the group H. O. G was founded and became the largest factory-sponsored motorcycle club in the world. By the year 2000, the club had over 500,000 members (Gannon, 2002, p. 15). In 1984, the new Evolution V2 model with an aluminum head was presented to public (Oliver, 1957, p. 42).At the end of this revolutionary decade for Harley-Davidson, the FXSTS Springer Soft ail model was introduced into the lineup. It was made on the basis of motorcycles of the 1940-s and equipped with the new-made 1340 cc motor (Walker, 2000, p. 92). The appearance of the given engine allowed the Harley Davidson Company to produce many motorcycles by individual orders. So, introduction of such model as FLSTF Fat-Boy in the early 1990-s can be considered as a good evidence of that fact. In 2001, the new model of Harley-Davidson was presented for the 2002 model year.The main feature of the given model was suggested to be the modern engine, equipped with a liquid-cooled system. It should be pointed out that today the Harley Davidson Company takes the leading position in the business World, when demand exceeds supply, that allows to increase the prices of production and stock.ReferencesGannon E. , Veno A. (2002). Brotherhoods Inside the felon Motorcycle Clubs. Crows Nest Allen Unwin Oliver S. H. (1957). Automobiles and Motorcycles in the U. S. National Museum. Washingt on Smithsonian Institution Walker S. M. (2000). Bikers Culture, Politics and Power. New York Berg

The Reality Of Platonic Relationships Sociology Essay

The Reality Of Platonic Relationships Sociology Essay romantic family relationships be characterized by feelings of passion, emotional reactions and physical attraction and Platonic relationships are characterized by the absence of physical attraction, passion or sex (Sippola, 1999). These two characterizations are very important for the scope of this paper because both are crucial to resolvent the question, Can work force and wo manpower really be just friends? In the magazine Psychology Today, Clifford Lazarus wrote an article with an explanation to this question. Lazarus contends, for the most disassociate, purely Platonic relationships for hetero inner custody and women are a myth (Lazarus, 2010). To support his contention, he refers to the reflex(a) nature of men and the reflective nature of women.Lazarus refers to a cozy desir qualification reflex, which men dispute towards women in prime reproductive age. This reflex suggests the immediate thoughts of males when fir st encountering females are whether or non he would like to run through sex with her (Lazarus, 2010). Although, it is argued that females whitethorn march the same thoughts, although non as frequently as with males, they tend to quickly move past this reflex. On the other hand, women generally require to de limitine the suitability of a potential better half. This suitability is referred to as a desire to face for potential long term, socioeconomic stability with a partner (Canary Dindia, 1998). Women therefore, tend to be to a greater extent sexually reflective and choosier than males, while males tend to be more than sexually reflex(a) than women.These reflex(prenominal) and reflective drives can be linked to evolutionary theories. Males have an indefinite amount of sperm while females only have a predetermined amount of eggs for her life span (Lazarus, 2010). This suggests an explanation of wherefore males whitethorn exhibit the above mentioned reflex more than fema les, and why females exhibit a determinable reflective drive. This article therefore concludes that purely Platonic relationships in cross-sex friendships do not exist. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the conclusion of the Psychology Today article with scholarly research to determine if purely Platonic cross-sex friendships can exist between heterosexual men and women.It is important to indicate that the articles conclusion assumes that a purely Platonic relationship exists when both volume in the relationship have never considered having a romantic relationship with each other. Through sexually charged sexy behavior and evolutionary theories, the first part of this paper go out provide support for the articles conclusion that purely platonic cross-sex friendships are not possible. However, the second part of this paper will present assure denouncing the preceding hypothesis by means of costs, romantic intentions and reasons to stay platonic.Flirtatious Beha viorBoth romantic and platonic relationships report flirtatious activity although frequencies in flirtatious behavior may differ (Egland, Spitzberg, Zormeier, 1996). Some examples of flirtatious behaviors include looking your friend or partner up and down, gazing in their eyes and rejoicing suggestively. When comparing results of the platonic cross-sex relationships to the romantic cross-sex relationships, platonic relationships engaged in flirtatious activity nearly as much as romantic relationships (Egland, et al., 1996). This finding bolsters the take in that even in platonic relationships, flirtatious behavior is expressed.Furthermore, flirtatious behavior may be sexually charged. According to Henningsen, Braz, and Davies (2008), people engage in flirtatious behavior for six main reasons. First is sexual motivation, referring to ones desires to engage in sexual acts. Second, an individual may be relationally motivated, with the intention of moving from a platonic relationship to a romantic relationship. Third is fun motivation, referring to flirting to gain sexual excitement or thrill. Fourth is exploring motivation, referring to flirtatious behavior of platonic relationships to search and see if positive feedback comes from the other person. Fifth is esteem motivation, which remarks on how gaining positive feedback from flirting may boost self esteem or arousal. And finally people flirt for instrumental motivation, which is flirting for possible access to rewards.Flirting is the primary apparatus to planetary house sexual and romantic accessibility (Guererro Chavez, 2005). All of the reasons people may flirt are charged with motives other than being platonic. Flirtation can be described as a subcategory of social-sexual communication (Henningsen, et al., 2008, p. 2). These social-sexual communications carry the intension of being sexually charged, suggesting one person may have had sexual or romantic thoughts at one localize in time in the relation ship. This suggests that flirting is associated with sexual desire, or reasons other than what constitutes a platonic friendship (Henningsen, Braz, Davies, 2008).Flirtatious behavior is often intended to be take ined in a way that carries sexual motive (Henningsen, et al., 2008). This implies that those in platonic relationships have an intended purpose or assured motive to engage in it. For instance, platonic relationships that do not want to turn romantic voluntarily do not engage in flirtatious behavior (Guerrero Mongeau, 2008). This suggests that platonic relationships may be conscious of flirting, thus indicating that people engage in flirting through a particular motivation in these instances a sexually charged motivation. Since platonic relationships do engage in flirtatious behavior with one another, there is reason to believe that the flirtatious behavior is sexually chargedFurthermore, men may interpret expressed behavior from women differently than from what women int end. If women are not voluntarily trying to give flirtatious signals or signs of flirtatious behavior, men are much more readily apparent to interpret non-flirtatious signals as flirtatious (Canary Dindia, 1998). Therefore, even in an apparently platonic friendship, men may be misinterpreting these non-flirtatious signals as flirtatious, and therefore sexual as well, even if there is no intension to communicate flirtatious behavior. This implies even in some apparently platonic relationships, certain behaviors may signal signs of sexual desire unintentionally. CHECK THESE PRECEDING 3 PARAGRAPHSEvolutionary ViewsAccording to evolutionary theories, flirtatious behavior is contingent upon a desire to procreate (Canary Dindia, 1998). As mentioned in the article, men have a type of reflexive drive and women have a type of reflective drive (Lazarus, 2010). From an evolutionary stance, a look into interactions between men and women will reinforce these reflexive and reflective drives.Ref lective and Reflexive BehaviorWomen are more likely to choose a partner or catch who exhibits status and alternatives, therefore being more reflective than males (Lazarus, 2010). Women are generally more interested in men with high resource potential (Canary Dindia, 1998). This indicates why women focus on a long term stable relationship one which is able to support their offspring. On the other hand, men are much more likely to approach women who display more signs of flirtatious behavior (Canary Dindia, 1998). This indicates mens reflexive drive, indicating sexual thoughts or interest upon initial encounters (Lazarus, 2010).Interests of men and women diversify depending on age group. Males prefer younger women, while women prefer older males as age ascends. Women tend to be more fertile when they are younger, while men tend to be more economically sufficient and advantageful as they grow older (Alterovitz manpowerdelsohn, 2009). This suggests men being more touch on with the fertility of women by preferring younger mates, while women inform being more concerned with male socioeconomic status, indicated by selecting older men (Alterovitz Mendelsohn, 2009).Parental enthronement TheoryAdditionally, the female perception of older males having the resources to provide for their offspring and males having the impression to mate with a fertile female is consistent with the evolutionary theory of parental investments. Under parental investment theory, the investments of men and women differ. For example, a women needs to carry the offspring. On the other hand, men could technically end their investment of the offspring flat after conception. As referenced by Tafoya (2006), womens potential for reproduction after conception is inhibited, while on the other hand men as quoted by Lazarus (2010), have their sperm constantly replenished. Furthermore, because of the paternity uncertainty hypothesis, a man can never know with absolute certainty that a child is his. On the contrary, even though the mother may not know who the father of her child is, this hypothesis holds that she will know for certain that she will pass her genes on to her offspring (Tafoya, 2006).Considering this hypothesis and the theory of parental investments, the reflexive nature of men and reflective nature of women are explained. A males reflexive drive can be explained since males never know if the child is theirs with absolute certainty and their investment need not go beyond conception (Tafoya, 2006). Therefore, males seem to exhibit lesser commitment, reinforcing their reflexive tendencies. Additionally, men are more likely to accept a short term mate of any overall quality than women. For instance, it is more probable that men rather than women select a short term mate whose overall qualities such as wealth, status and attractiveness are lacking. Men are withal more likely than women to have a one night stand or participate in an affair (Li Kenrick, 2006). On the other hand, women know their genes will be passed on and are making more of a sacrifice from an evolutionary standpoint by the cessation of their potential reproduction. This indicates that females may be more selective around their mates as indicated in the article by reflective drives. Furthermore, women prefer resources and status when looking for a short term mate more than males. In fact, women prefer the same qualities in their short term mates as they do in their long term mates (Li Kenrick, 2006). This implies women defend this reflective drive in support of a potential parental investor, that being the potential mate. It is shown that mating as well as parenting is essential to success of offspring, which helps to explain the characteristics of these reflexive and reflective drives (Tafoya, 2006). However, evolutionary suck ups not limited to parental investment theory.Friends with Benefits and Biosocial TheoryEvolutionary theories are evident in friends with ben efits relationships. Friends with benefits refer to non-romantic or platonic relationships who engage in sexual activities (McGinty, Knox, Zusman, 2007). Friends with benefits is not just a trend, but also is commonly engaged in. Nearly 60% of undergraduates reported having had an reckon with a friends with benefits relationship (McGinty et al., 2007). This reinforces the instinctive sexual activity and sexual behavior with the opposite sex. Biosocial theory of evolution may inquire more deeply as to why friends with benefits occurs.Biosocial Theory predicts human behavior by looking to a persons genetic predisposition and their environment. Women show to be more emotionally involved in a friend with benefits relationship than men. Because women emphasize emotional attachment, it is argued that women do so in fix up to have a stable relationship (McGinty et al., 2007). In having a stable relationship, women need to rear their offspring, thus suggesting why women are more emotiona lly concerned with friends with benefits relationships than men. On the other hand, men are more sexually focused with the relationship. At times, men are shown to be involved in multiple friends with benefits relationships, thus strengthening the point that men exhibit a reflexive drive (McGinty et al., 2007).Furthermore, Schneider Kenny (2000) surveyed how rewarding and costly people see an opposite-sex platonic friendship. Sexual access was reported as a potential benefit of being in a cross-sex friendship, as well as a reported cost. For example, men may be friends with women as a means to gain sexual access, however, men report having less sexual access than women. This suggests men are more concerned with sexual access than women (Bleske Buss, 2000). This reinforces the idea of the reflexive nature of men.However, women are reported to be benefited when protected by an opposite sex friend. Though this is not shown to what extent this suggests a positive cue for women as mate potential, it has been suggested in a comparative study that males who protect their friends actually gain more sexual access. This was evident in a study of baboons, where the males protect the feeding grounds, and in rejoin the female gives them periodic sexual access therefore suggesting mens evolutionary drive for protecting women (Bleske Buss, 2000).Flirtatious behavior and evolutionary views support the reflexive and reflective tendencies of males and females, respectively. This suggests that men and women in platonic cross-sex friendships engage in sexually charged behavior. The preceding information also supports, as the article contends, that platonic relationships may not be feasible simply because of evolutionary drives (Lazarus, 2010).Although these findings reinforce the idea that purely platonic relationships do not exist, there is information to believe otherwise. The following research in categories of similar costs, romantic intent, and reasons to stay platonic i ndicate evidence against the preceding research, contending there may be reasons platonic relationships can exist without having intent for or a transition to romantic relationships.Similar Costs and StatusMales and Females do not differ in how costly it is to be denied sex from the person in the friendship the potential for rejection is perceived as low in cost for both sexes (Bleske Buss, 2000). This suggests that men and women may be able to be friends without worrying about sexual access. However, this information does support males and/or females think about sex. Since the potential cost for rejection was low, this implies the male and females evaluated each other before making the decision to amaze romantic (Bleske Buss, 2000). Therefore, this seems to be more closely related to the conclusion in the article, and more supportive of reflexive and reflective behavior than not.Even so, the status of the relationship may have an effect on the friendship. Although, ex-romantic p artners report wanting a platonic relationship to turn romantic once again, a friend who has unceasingly been platonic would not want the relationship to turn romantic (Schneider Kenny, 2000). This indicates that how a relationship is initiated may have an actual impact on the relationship. Platonic friendships therefore, may exist depending on past experiences with the individual. This undermines the contention that platonic cross-sex friendships can never be platonic, since past experience can have an impact.Romantic IntentRomantic intent was not classified in the above article Why Men and Women Cant be Just Friends. Romantic intent can vary and impact relationships differently. In the strictly platonic relationships, cross-sex friends reported less contact, flirtation and activity compared to romantic relationships. Arguably, strictly platonic friendships do not flirt, touch and egest as much time with one another relative to reciprocally romantic relationships, possibly becau se doing so may jeopardize the friendship (Guererro Chavez, 2005). Furthermore, long term strictly platonic friendships can move past initial romantic intent. Friendships in the long term are shown to use attention behaviors such as less contact and flirtation as a means to not potentially ruin the platonic friendship (Guererro Chavez, 2005). These finding suggests strictly platonic and mutually romantic relationships do vary with romantic intent, and thus may not perceive one another as anything more than platonic friends.Reasons to Remain PlatonicThere are six motives as to why relationships should remain platonic. To caution the relationship, lack of or no attraction, network disapproval, third party, risk aversion and timeout. This order with safeguarding the relationship being most important implies that there is an intrinsic reason for relationships to remain purely platonic. The rewarding nature of the relationship may be seen as more rewarding than a relationship moving towards one that is romantic or sexual. For instance, a reward in a platonic relationship is the ability to share emotion and/ or gain support about external situations the ability to disclose in the relationship. On the other hand, less rewarding factors may direct people to remain platonic as well. For example, one may feel that the friend in the relationship is not attractive, or one may not want to expose oneself to possible emotional instability (Messman, Canary, Hause, 2000). Thus, research suggests cross-sex platonic relationships may have strong reasons for existing.Furthermore, all platonic friendships may not be sexually charged. The sexual challenge in cross-sex friendships, which refers to men and women being hardwired to be sexually attracted to one another, is said to only occur in a minority of cross-sex friendships. Furthermore, the sexual challenge may be linked to attraction of the spirit, rather than of the body. Thus, reinforcing that sexual challenges may not b e accurately represented when referring to the sexual desire of men and women (Messman et al., 2000).ConclusionFlirtatious behavior and evolutionary theories strongly support the idea that there cannot be purely platonic relationships as indicated in the article. However, alternative research suggests platonic friendships may be possible similar costs, subjective romantic intent, and reasons to remain reasons to remain platonic are evidence that friendships have some incentive to remain purely platonic. Although there is support for both sides, the underlying question is whether men and women together can have purely platonic friendships. Flirtatious behaviors as well as the evolutionary theories of biosocial and parental investment demonstrate that cross-sex platonic friendships are challenging. The majority of the information in the Why Men and Women Cant be Just Friends article does give credence to the majority of these findings.Although in light of these findings, the article s eems to be narrow in its evaluation. The main point of the article contends that platonic relationships do not exist because of evolutionary reasoning based on reflexive and reflective drives (Lazarus, 2010). On the other hand, the article does not account for romantic intent, a significant part of relationships. The article assumes based on the first meeting of men and women that there are uncontrollable biological reactions which occur. Although these reactions tend to happen, the article should still account for the past and present status of the relationship, as well as each persons intent to whether or not they want a platonic or romantic friendship. Since the article fails to account for this romantic intent of a males and females, it therefore neglects the possibility of differences in perception that is, how people view each other based on their past experience with that person (Messman et al., 2000).Moreover, long term platonic friendships vary in their romantic intent depe nding if maintenance behaviors are used. For instance, in a relationship that has always been platonic, both persons will use more maintenance behaviors to preserve their platonic friendship, in order to safeguard the friendship from moving towards romanticism. However, maintenance behaviors are also shown not to be useful. For instance, one of the people in the relationship may be denied a desire sexual progression (Guererro Chavez, 2005).Although there can be changes made to the article, the underlying argument is supported by the majority of research. Assuming a purely platonic relationship to be a cross-sex friendship where neither party has the thought of addressing a romantic relationship, or having desire for sexual activities the existence of purely platonic relationships is slim. Platonic relationships engaging in flirtatious behavior carry a sexual connotation (Egland, et al., 1996). This implies that males and females even in platonic relationships may exhibit these ref lexive and reflective drives. Furthermore, the differing parental investments for males and females bolster the sentiment regarding reflexive and reflective drives this concerns why males invest less in their relationships while females invest more in their relationships (Li Kenrick, 2006 Tafoya, 2006). Additionally, the biosocial theory suggests evolutionary underpinnings consistent with reflexive and reflective behavior these include sexual behavior in friends with benefits relationships and behaviors of rewards and costs. Therefore, the article and the preceding findings suggest that the existences of purely platonic cross-sex heterosexual relationships are unlikely.

Impact of Lyndon B. Johnson

Impact of Lyndon B. JohnsonDiscuss the diachronic signifi chevyce of Lyndon B. JohnsonLBJ, LBJ, how galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) kids have you killed today? Was unrivaled of the atomic number 82 protest chants of the 1960s in the joined States. It was directed at President Lyndon B. Johnson. It was about the warfare in Vietnam that the Ameri after vox governance under the Johnson administration had been steadily become more involved in each passing year after he came to office fol let looseing Kennedys assassination in November 1963. One can moreover imagine how this must have hurt for a man of Johnsons pride and character. Being accused of killing children is not something that anyone takes lightly.His reputation as a connoisseur of Washington hid visionary leadership qualities. He knew how to get what he wanted and when. He realized that American society had to change as the outset post-World fight Two generation was clamouring for a owing(p)er voice in society. His election in 1964 was one of the biggest majorities ever.It is hard to find a historical figure that does not have more than one facet or side to their political legacy and life, and Lyndon Johnson was no exception, nevertheless in his case, it was so ofttimes more pronounced. Yes, he was historically significant. Itis impossible to argue that he was not. This significance is firstly in his Great Society legislation and philosophy, and secondly in his criminal prose geldion of the war in Vietnam. Each of these will be discussed in turn.Part A) Visionary Kennedys footsteps and Great Society.Any chairperson who comes to office following the death, accidental or not, of another president finds himself or herself in that shadow of that person. The position of vice-president is not an easy one in American political sympathies and politics. It carries no power and trammel stature. One constantly feels second to holder of the office of president. Naturally, the vice-president is pa rt of the cabinet and provides advice, but the political thinkerls and program belong to the current president. Looking at Kennedy and Johnson, one can only see differences, but the political need of Kennedy for Southern votes in 1960 made him choose Johnson. His victory created the myth of Camelot, which still stands to this date. He believed in civil rights for all Americans and wanted a more peaceful traffichip with the Soviet sum of money. He was young and handsome, which generated a huge amount of charisma. His death robbed the United States of a leader of great potential. On November 22, 1963, Lyndon Johnson stepped into his shoes following his assassination. He lacked Kennedys charisma, but soon showed confidence. His reputation as a master of the Senate was proof of competency and knowledge. These skills would be soon into great demand as he was immediately confronted with the need to resolve multiple societal problems, such as race relations in the South and health care issues that Kennedy had started looking at in his brief tenure as president. Johnson felt he had to bring the solutions to fruition, both for the acres and Kennedy, and lastly for himself, which meant putting his imprint on them.The United States of the 1960s was in the throes of racial tensions and economic retardation. Southern states were resisting and ignoring federal attempts to impose civil rights for blacks. The result of which was the low voting levels and harassment of blacks in the American Deep South. There were periodical racial riots requiring at times the intervention of federal National Guard to stick them. Unemployment was rising and many Americans had no kind of medical coverage. The American constitutional order placed checks and balances on every level of power, but as the artificial lake of the racial inequalities was being ignored for very many reasons that are beyond the scope of this discussion, although one of them was that many presidents were reluctant t o rock the boat fearing electoral and legislative setbacks. Such fears did not scare Johnson, as he had earned and cherished a Senate reputation of bending and cajoling other lawmakers to his way of thinking. He could be many things to many citizenry. His birth in the Southern state of Texas gave him the image of a good olboy, which could be utilized to great effect. This appeal and experience would be extremely beneficial as he was able to push through many legislative reforms by the end of 1965. any January, the current American president gives a State of the amalgamation address during which he or she proposes various ideas and programs for that year. At this point, Johnson declared a War on Povertyand called for the passing of Kennedys tax cut and civil rights bill the first easily passed its hurdles, while the second quickly got delayed. Part of his war on poverty involved creating jobs through massive political sympathies aid and intervention, very a lot on the scale of R oosevelts Great Deal in the 1930s, which served as his inspiration as he understood that the state could not stand by while the people suffered. This realization was in stark contrast to his sketch of the United States as the true representative of freedom in the world, which meant bringing violence and suffering to people around the world as everyone had their own There were two other major legislative elements of the Great Society, videlicet Medicare and Medicaid, and the Higher and Elementary and Secondary Education Acts in 1965the former two set up health care funding for the elderly and the needy, while the latter(prenominal) two provided federal aid to schools. Some of his opponents argued that these reforms were federal involvement in state affairs and fought court cases to resist or delay them.A sylvan of the stature of the United States could not claim to be torch bearer of democracy and freedom,when a quarter of citizens were denied their rights and many governmental in stitutions either colluded in their self-renunciation or stood by while it occurred. Kennedy recognized this horror, although his predecessor Eisenhower had started redressing the ill when he ordered the National Guard to intervene during the Little Rock crisis in 1957. The polite Rights Act was passed in July 1964, while the Voting Rights Act in 1965. The riots and violence soon became things of the past except when Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in April 1968resulting in riots across 100 cities. A new Civil Rights Act was passed later that year.On a more personal level, he was the first American president to nominate a black person to the Supreme Court and the Cabinet, who were Thurgood Marshall previously having served as the solicitor-general of the United States in 1967 and Robert Weaver as secretary of admit and urban development in 1966. Both decisions opened some of the last bureaucratic rooms to racial integration despite the racist cringing of many Southern sen ators and governors.Part B) Ideologue glacial War and the quicksand of Vietnam.The war in Vietnam would become Johnsons undoing. Like almost any other project or idea that he had, he wanted to fight and win it. His major pieces of legislation had been passed by early 1965 or were on their way. This freedom permitted him to increase the American figurehead in Vietnam. He ordered the first combat troops into Vietnam reversing a Kennedy policy of pulling out of Vietnam as he believed in the Domino speculation whereby if one country fell to Communism, others would follow, so a stand had to be made and Vietnam fulfilled that role. This geo-political theory developed in the 1950s and soon became a guiding principle of many elements of American foreign policy, but sadly it was very blinkered way of thinking, because the theory soon became the reality as facts were manipulated, or regular created, to fit into it. The inability to grow beyond it would hamper much of Johnsons thinking on Vietnam. The initial American involvement in Vietnam dated from 1955 after the French had been defeated atDien Bien Phu when the United States under Eisenhower felt it had to buttress non-Communist forces in South East Asia.The world of the 1960s was in the throes of a cooling-off period in the Cold War after having closely brushed with nuclear Armageddon in Cuba in October 1962, and the growing American involvement was perceived as a renewed warm period. Not everyone believed in this war, as they realized that it was a battle between two opposing ideologies, Capitalism and Communism both of which had their supporters and critics, and the question was why did individual have to choose between them. Many counties did ignore the two superpowers and formed the Non-Aligned Movement. Unsurprisingly, this act angered both superpowers. The nature of this war was that the United States and Soviet Union never actually fought each other, but used proxies to fulfil their ideological agendas. Ironically, the political nature of many of these proxies was that they were corrupt, repressive and dictatorial for instance, in the case of Vietnam, the Diem government in the South supported by the Johnson administration was suppressing opposition to its rule, while Ho Chi Minh in the North was widely praised and respected. In atwist of irony, the repressive policies of the Diem government led the American government to overthrow him, but this only further destabilized the country and accelerated its slide into chaos. The basic Cold War philosophy meant that the authentic democratic needs and hopes of millions were ignored, and it can be argued that this fact damaged the United States more than it did the Soviet Union as the United States claimed to be leader in world democracy and freedom. Johnsons belief in the American mission to bring democracy to the world was one of his justifications to get involved in Vietnam. This communication channel begs belief. In the end, this co ntradiction could not be resolved, and it became the source of the American military and political loss.When Lyndon Johnson came to office, there were only about 16000 advisers in Vietnam, but he would raise the number of combat soldiers to almost 50000 by the late 1960s. He increased the number of bomber missions in the hope of crushing the spirit of the Vietnamese. Not only was the cost in lives was enormous, but also in infrastructure, as bridges, dams and building were destroyed. Such destruction put a stop to any development projects by the Vietnamese. One of the consequences of such a massive bombing was the scarring of the landscape whereby huge holes were made across the country creating impediments to agricultural development. One of the more tragic episodes of the Vietnam War was the authorization to use a weed killer to defoliate trees and shrubs in the hope of uncovering supply routes used by the Vietnamese. It was code-named Agent Orange and was sprayed from planes imm ediate over jungles. It was a pesticide and was never thought of as being dangerous to the health of humans. Protests quickly grew as claims were raised that it was causing various forms of cancer in both Vietnamese civilians and American soldiers, and recently studies have slowly tended to support such views. The psychological success but military disappointment of the North Vietnameses Tet discourtesy in 1968started the American military withdrawal process. In a major reversal, Johnson stopped increasing troops and thought of ways to extricate himself and his country from Vietnam. The failure of Johnson to realize that the war was based on the desire of independence of a people at all costs meant that regardless of how many military victories were achieved, the war never ended. It has been a standing law in American politics to not bring back soldiers in body bags as it is politically damaging. Every death was a nail in Johnsons political coffin. The chant How, Ho Chi Minh shout ed by American protesters must have been withering to Johnson as they cheered his opponent in a war that he supported.In other areas of the gloomy world of the Cold War, Johnson was quite forward thinking and merit credit. The close call of nuclear destruction during the Cuba Missile Crisis meant that a special red phone line was installed so that the leaders of the United States and Soviet Union could talk to each other quickly. To accelerate communication and travel, a new air route was installed between Moscow and New York City. His meeting with Premier Kosygin in June 1967 was another in a recent line of summits between American and Soviet leaders, and their discussions led to proposals to reduce the development of nuclear weapons, which later grew into the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ratified internationally in March 1970, but unfortunately as this was passed by the American Senate in 1969 after Johnson had left office, much of the credit went to his su ccessor, Richard Nixon. This agreement was one of the first major limitations of nuclear use and was the father of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, otherwise known as SALT. culminationAccording to ancient Egyptian mythology, the soul of every person was weighed measuring his or her good and bad deeds to decide their place in the Afterword. This view has both negative and positive aspects as every action has a value, but one huge good or bad act can outweigh a lot of small bad or good ones. Depending on whom you ask, both the Vietnam War and the Great Society can be either, but prosecuting an unnecessary war is hard to defend, while programs designed to help the needy is so much easier to do so. The war in Vietnam failed to achieve any of its objectives of liberating people and extending American power in the region, while the Great Society opened American society to new levels and made more people feel part of it.In this regard, a very simple description of Lyndon Johnsons place in history is that he was a divisive figure. He was the author of two great things in American society firstly the Great Society and secondly the Vietnam War, although the present use of the term great is in its sense of social magnanimousness and socially revolutionary. He is remembered affectionately and hated deeply for each of them, but not always in the way that some of us might think. It is a mark of this divisiveness, which he himself recognized, that he stepped aside from running again as president in March 1968. His successor as president was Richard Nixon.BibliographyMorris, Errol. The Fog of War. DVD. capital of South Carolina Tri Star, 2004.Johnson, Lyndon. The Vantage Point Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969. Holt, Rinehartand Winston, 1971.Caro, Robert A. Master of the Senate the years of Lyndon Johnson. Cape, 2002.Bernstein, Irving. Gunsor Butter the presidency of Lyndon Johnson. Oxford University Press, 1995.Dallek, Robert. Flawed Giant Lyndon Johnson and hi s times, 1961-1973. Oxford University Press,1998.

Sensation Seeking And N100 Psychology Essay

Sensation Seeking And N100 Psychology EssayThis question seeks to examine the relationship in the midst of scourt-related potentials, specific in ally the N100 fixings, and the personality construct of maven desire. Nine students enrolled in a university level former psychology course received credit for break upicipating in this study. With the use of an electroencephalogram, voltage information in the brain was recorded while the player listened to auditive stimuli including a target, standard, and random tone. After separating participants based on utmost and offset sensation seeking make headway and comparing that with an event-related potential developed from the pneumoencephalogram information it was shown that those elevated in sensation seeking had gritty premium and a longer latency at N100 than moo sensation seekers. This shows that one of the components of sensation seeking, boredom susceptibility, may eat up had an effect due to the repetitive presentati on of stimuli which resulted in lower bountifulness at the N100.Sensation seeking and N100This study seeks to examine the relationship between levels of sensation seeking and event-related potentials (ERP), specifically the N100 component. Using ERPs to compare with personality constructs is effective because the input signal rear be sentence-locked to the brain activity that is being recorded and analyzed to see how the person is reacting whether on a conscious or unconscious level.Sensation seeking, as described by Marvin Zuckerman (2007), is a trait defined by the seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the exitingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experience. Sensation seekers are attracted to high risk sports such as sky diving and mountain climbing, they experiment with a variety of drugs, and are sexually promiscuous in that they have a varied range of sexual partners. High sensation seeke rs will assess situations as low risk vs. low that will see a higher risk even still highs will anticipate more positive arousal whereas lows anticipate fear and anxiety. Sensation seeking correlates with dominance and adventurousness, but non with neuroticism or anxiety. High sensation seekers tend to be associated with non-conformist groups and are attracted to abstract stimuli. There are quadruplet dimensions of sensation seeking that are apply in Zuckermans sensation seeking master that help determine if a person is a high or low sensation seeker. The first component is thrill and adventure seeking (TAS). If someone is high in TAS they will exert a need to be involved in activities that give them unique sensations and experiences such as moderately risky sports. This is where activities like mountain climbing and sky diving come into play. The second aspect is experience seeking (ES) which describes the attractiveness to non-conformist groups. A person scoring high in expe rience seeking will seek out sensations and new experiences through the mind and the senses and through a nonconforming lifestyle. Activities include things like enjoying abstract art and traveling to new and different places. Disinhibition (DIS) reflects the involvement in wild parties, susceptibility to drugs, and promiscuity. Disinhibition alone hobo be normal, but when paired with aggression it can be a sign of psychopathy. The last subscale is boredom susceptibility (BS) defines the aversion sensation seekers have to dull tasks and hatful they find to be boring. For example, Zuckermans stimulus deprivation task found that high sensations seekers, when in a room for any length of m with no opthalmic or auditory stimuli got restless and bored (Zuckerman, 2007).Zuckermans possibility for the biological basis of sensation seeking started with his monoamine oxidase (monoamine oxidase) theory. He hypothesized that high sensation seekers have low MAO compared with low sensation s eekers having high levels of MAO. Monoamine oxidase is a neurotransmitter regulator. MAO regulates the level of monoamines which include nore nogephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. High levels of MAO result in reduced sensibility to a stimulus and conversely low levels increase sensitivity. This is because if there are high levels of MAO there are lower levels of monoamines and vice versa. In summary, high sensation seekers have low levels of MAO which result in an increase of sensitivity to stimulus. The negative correlation between MAO levels and sensation seeking is in any case significative of a relationship between sensation seeking and the levels of catecholamine. High levels of MAO are found in the limbic system. The limbic system is involved in diversion and sensitivity to reward. Zuckerman worked under the assumption that this sensitivity in high sensation seekers produces alertness and interest in novel stimuli associated with strong orienting responses. He thusly merg ed his theory of MAO with another theory that connects the limbic system activity with levels of catecholamine and sensation seeking. It explains that dopamine controls the readiness to explore and approach novel stimuli in the environment and norepinephrine regulates the sensitivity to, or expectation of positive reinforcement (i.e.) norepinephrine and dopamine together are two components of the reward system. The nucleus accumbens (NA) is part of the limbic (reward) system and hypothesized to be the major center for sensation seeking. This may be because there are higher levels of dopamine found in the NA. Therefore, this theory relates the attributes of sensations seeking to low levels of MAO, resulting in high levels of catecholamine (dopamine and norepinephrine) in the limbic system (reward center), which ultimately increases readiness to explore and approach novel stimuli in the environment and sensitivity to stimulus and positive reinforcement (Zuckerman, 1983).An event-relat ed potential (ERP) is a wave form developed by averaging epochs from data collected using an electroencephalogram (EEG) that is a time-locked copy of the voltage activity in the brain reacting to the stimulus presented (Rugg Coles, 1995). ERPs allow analysis of stimulus on a neurological level. Like this study, it can be employ with personality constructs or psychological disorders to study their effects on the reaction to stimulus in the environment. The bountifulness of different components in the waveform are indicative of the strength of the reaction and the latency represents the time it takes for the reaction to occur. The EEG itself is useful, but almost impossible to use its data because its such a general array of information. ERPs act as a funnel for important information that fine tunes the data collected with the EEG that result in data that can pin point neurological reaction whether conscious or unconscious. This is another reason ERPs are useful, they allow resea rchers to collect data that the participant may not even be aware of (Rugg Coles, 1995).N100 (N1) is a negative spike at approximately 100 ms after a stimulus has been presented. N1 bountifulness seems to be associated with undercover work of a stimulus. The onset and offset of a stimulus will elicit a N1 where as the repetition of a stimulus will show a reduction in N1 amplitude. N1 does not explain any content information about the stimulus presented, it will only express when a stimulus is in the environment. Within the confines of this study using the oddball paradigm with auditory stimuli, the N1 could have been change magnitude in amplitude by creating a larger time gap between the presentations of stimulus. Since the N1 is elicited at the onset of stimulus, by increasing the time between auditory tones the recognition of a new stimulus is larger. another(prenominal) way to manipulate the amplitude of the N1 is to repeat the stimulus in random time intervals for silence le ngth (Atienza et al., 2001). N1 amplitude can as well be increased by increasing the intensity or frequency of the continuous stimuli (Naatanen, 1990).Sensation seekers have a stronger curiosity or willingness to investigate novel stimuli which means they will have stronger orienting response (OR). Orienting response occurs when presented with a moderately intense or novel stimulus. Although this study is focusing on standard stimuli it can still be considered novel. Novel, in this regard, does not mean the complexity of the stimuli it means novel to the participants environment. Sensation seeking has been positively correlated with orienting response to a novel stimulus. According to Naatanen (1990), N1 has high amplitude at the onset and offset of stimulus. It seems to represent the participants initial response to the onset of auditory stimulus which can also described as an orienting response. Research conducted by Atienza et al. (2001), found that components of the N1 were inv olved in the initiation of an orienting response. Operating on the assumption that N1 is indicative of an orienting response and that high sensation seekers have stronger OR it is hypothesized that those high in sensation seeking will have a shorter latency and higher amplitude at N1 than low sensation seekers.MethodParticipantsNine undergraduate university students were given course credit to be involved in the study. The male and female participants were recruited from introductory psychology courses. They were required to complete five personality questionnaires. The Eysenck personality questionnaire-revised, agency and affiliation questionnaire, BISBAS, ten item personality inventory, and the sensation seeking scale were apply to assess the participants personality traits. From the total sensation seeking score participants were split into two categories scoring high on sensation seeking (4) and low on sensation seeking (5).MaterialsThe sensation seeking scale is based upon the four subscales of the personality construct thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility. The scores for these four subscales are added together to give the total sensation seeking score. An electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to record voltage activity in the brain while presenting the participant with auditory stimuli. It is hooked up to an amplifier that projects a variation in voltage over time. The electrodes were placed according to the 10/20 system. This system describes that electrodes are arrange based on their distance from the two main axis anterior-posterior and the coronal (Rugg Coles, 1995). The electrodes Fz, Cz, Pz, linked mastoids, Fcz (ground), EOG, and Fp2 were used. The linked mastoids were used for references and the EOG and Fp2 were used together to get a bipolar recording. The auditory tones including a standard high frequency tone, target low frequency tone, and a random sound were presented using an oddball p aradigm. The participant was also equipped with headphones and a remote button.ProcedureThe participant was required to sit in an isolated room with headphones on and listen to a sequence of auditory tones including target stimuli, standard stimuli, and a rare sound. During the presentation of the auditory stimuli the participant was asked to respond to the target tone by pressing the remote button and to fundamentally ignore the other sounds.The EEG picks up frequencies that are not considered usable data for this study. With the computer program Neuroscan blinks and muscle reactions were removed from the data collected. The EEG is then separated into segments or epochs to represent each time the auditory tone was presented. The base line is manipulated so all recordings were at approximately 0 amplitude. The last step was to average all of the waveforms to produce a graph representing the event-related potential at each electrode.ResultsOn average, low sensation seekers had higher amplitude at N100 and shorter latency than high sensation seekers. Those scoring high on sensation seeking had a longer latency and lower amplitude than low sensation seekers.Table 1 Average amplitude and latency at each electrode for high and low sensation seekersERP.pngFig. 1 Event-related potential for high and low sensation seekers in reaction to standard stimuli at the Cz electrodeDiscussionIt was thought that those who score high on sensation seeking would have higher amplitude and a shorter latency at the N100. The results contradicted what was hypothesized in that high sensation seekers actually had lower amplitude and a longer latency at N100. From the results, it is speculated that the repetition of stimuli compete on one of the components of sensation seeking boredom susceptibility. To recap, the N100 is indicative of the onset of stimuli in the environment and has no content information. In the perspective of the N100 component and neglecting the differences in the aud itory tones presented, the high sensation seeker was presented with stimuli repetitively for an extended period of time. Zuckerman (2007) stated that people high in sensation seeking dislike monotonous tasks which would explain why they would have lower amplitude at N100 than low sensation seekers. When looking at the N100 alone, Nataanen (1990) explained that with repetition of a stimulus there is a decline in N1 amplitude. The presentation of auditory tones to participants was repetitive and would have resulted in lower N100 amplitude for both high and low sensation seekers. It was also shown, in research conducted by Budd et al.(1998), that stimulus presented too closely together will result in a smaller N1 because there is not enough time for neuronal recovery.There also may be a chance, because of the lack of statistical analysis, that there is actually no significant difference between the amplitude at the N1 for high and low sensation seekers. From the research done by Carol et al. (1982) on the correlation between sensation seeking and drug option based on the optimal level of arousal theory, it can also be speculated that there would be no significant difference between high and lows at the N100. The optimal level of arousal theory would postulate that high sensation seekers, because their optimal level of arousal is higher than low sensation seekers, would charter stimulants over depressive drugs to heighten their level of arousal. It would also be expected that low sensation seekers would be more attracted to depressants because of its dampening effect on arousal levels. Their results showed that high and low sensation seekers both enjoyed the stimulants more. Looking at these results it may be concluded that it is more realistic that there is no significant difference between high and low sensation seekers at N1 (Carol et al., 1982).The sample size was quite small with a total of 9 participants. With a larger sample the results would be more appl icable to the general population. The study used male and female participants, but there was no analysis of whether females or males scored higher on sensation seeking or what that meant in terms of the results. This made it so the results and the scores could not be compared on the basis of gender. The age range of participants was limited to 17-19. Also, all of the participants were from introductory psychology courses from the same university.In future research it would be interesting, using ERP, to compare gender and the scores on the sensation seeking scale and how that would affect the results. From previous research it was thought that levels of testosterone correlated to levels of sensation seeking. That higher testosterone, more prevalently in males, had a positive relationship with high levels of sensation seeking (Zuckerman, 2007). In reference to the results in this study and its possible origin from boredom susceptibility, new research could look at the different compon ents of sensation seeking rather of the total score and how that would affect ERP studies. In the research from Zuckermans publications, it was found that the demographic factors that most affected levels of sensation seeking were gender and age, which supports the idea of future research being done with those two aspects (Zuckerman, 2007).

All and all another brick in the wall Essay -- Music, Pink Floyd

pick apart Floyds album The groin influenced a with child(p) change in the medicinal drug industries from the 1980s to today within America. The album released on Nov. 30, 1979, the live design preformed in 1980 through 1981, and the movie released in 1982 gave the establishation to the 1980s American medicament scene to the present music scene. The album The border brought back a vibe of psychedelics from the 1960s but gave a twist of hard rock from transitioning electronics to guitars. The concert for The circumvent was the first live show to soak up media effects, such as lighting, and props as a main part of a live exertion which changed all rock stars performances forever. The concert helped to create the near popular genre of the 1980s, glam metal. bump Floyd literally pushed the edge of what concerts were before with their spectacular visuals. pinko Floyds The hem in was a pioneer in producing promotional films for albums or songs with the movie. Making a movie for a album was a new idea of using media to dish out ones music and influenced a great change in what was most-valuable visual or lyrics. The album The Wall by Pink Floyd literally helped to create the 1980s of America which in hug drug leads to creating todays music industry of America. Generally in the Untied States a average teenager growing up in the mid 70s through the 80s was shown a span of different genres and cultural changes. Many teenagers were change state in need of something new for the 1970s was a time of many experimental genres. When interviewing a man who grew up in the 1970s and 1980s, Pink Floyd was a very recognized band. When asked what his thoughts were on the album The Wall he explained how it was a new version of music that amazed him and all his friends. He states This so ... ...iety. Pink Floyd movie help to inspire artist to seek different media to express songs. November 30, 1979 would surely be the greatest day or one of the most im portant in America for it changed and gave the idea to shuffle media with music. From this merge the idea of product placement and illegal downloading have changed the music business. The profit is now not found in recording but in concerts for musicians. Pink Floyds concert help create the typical idea of what a concert needs to hang in the audience entertained. The album The Wall by Pink Floyd created the music culture of present day America. This album can be explained it one lyric only and tout ensemble just another Brick in the Wall from the song The Wall by Pink Floyd. This literally explains this band, album, concert and movie was just another create block in the creation of Americas music industry. All and all another brick in the wall Essay -- Music, Pink FloydPink Floyds album The Wall influenced a great change in the music industries from the 1980s to today within America. The album released on Nov. 30, 1979, the live concert preformed in 1980 th rough 1981, and the movie released in 1982 gave the foundation to the 1980s American music scene to the present music scene. The album The Wall brought back a vibe of psychedelics from the 1960s but gave a twist of hard rock from transitioning electronics to guitars. The concert for The Wall was the first live show to adopt media effects, such as lighting, and props as a main part of a live performance which changed all rock stars performances forever. The concert helped to create the most popular genre of the 1980s, glam metal. Pink Floyd literally pushed the edge of what concerts were before with their spectacular visuals. Pink Floyds The Wall was a pioneer in producing promotional films for albums or songs with the movie. Making a movie for a album was a new idea of using media to sell ones music and influenced a great change in what was important visual or lyrics. The album The Wall by Pink Floyd literally helped to create the 1980s of America which in turn leads to creati ng todays music industry of America. Generally in the Untied States a average teenager growing up in the mid 70s through the 80s was shown a span of different genres and cultural changes. Many teenagers were becoming in need of something new for the 1970s was a time of many experimental genres. When interviewing a man who grew up in the 1970s and 1980s, Pink Floyd was a very recognized band. When asked what his thoughts were on the album The Wall he explained how it was a new version of music that amazed him and all his friends. He states This so ... ...iety. Pink Floyd movie help to inspire artist to explore different media to express songs. November 30, 1979 would surely be the greatest day or one of the most important in America for it changed and gave the idea to merge media with music. From this merge the idea of product placement and illegal downloading have changed the music business. The profit is now not found in recording but in concerts for musicians. Pink Floyd s concert help create the typical idea of what a concert needs to keep the audience entertained. The album The Wall by Pink Floyd created the music culture of present day America. This album can be explained it one lyric All and All just another Brick in the Wall from the song The Wall by Pink Floyd. This literally explains this band, album, concert and movie was just another building block in the creation of Americas music industry.

Ethics in Nursing Essay -- Deontology, Utilitarianism

Deontology vs. UtilitarianismDeontology is an ethical theory concerned with duties and rights. The founder of deontological ethics was a German philosopher named Immanuel Kant. Kants deontological horizon implies people atomic number 18 sensitive to moral duties that require or prohibit certain behaviors, irrespective of the consequences (Tanner, Medin, & Iliev, 2008). The main focus of deontology is obligation deontology is derived from the Greek word deon, nitty-gritty duty. A duty is morally mandated sourion, for instance, the duty never to lie and always to keep your word. Based on Kant, even when individuals do not want to act on duty they are ethically obligated to do so (Rich, 2008). Kant believed consequences were irrelevant and an individual should do as they please at that very present moment in time. An example would be a soul went to their neighbors space while they were gone to turn on the heater so when they returned home it was warm. A consequence to tur ning on their heater is their house burned down, but according to Kant, since your intentions were good you cannot be at fault. Kant also believed each person has dignity and not to treat others as a means, to ones personals ends (Rich, 2008). In other words, do not treat others as an instrument to get hold of a goal. For example, a researcher that is risking the well-being of an individual participating in an experiment for the sake of finding a drug that may save some lives.Kant made a distinction between two types of duties which are hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. Hypothetical imperatives are rules or duties people ought to observe if certain ends are to be achieved. Hypothetical imperatives are sometimes called if-then imperatives, which are condit... ...tes that fall under claim rights with the exceptions for health care liberty rights (Butts, 2008). Social Federal and state programs impart help ensure that their claims will be fulfilled and pre served (Butts, 2008). To put welfare rights into more of a perspective I will provide an example. A woman comes into the emergency room and she is without a doubt in active labor. Even though she does not have medical insurance, the triage nurse will adjudge her. Here, the hospital has a duty to treat her until delivery of the child is completed. In brief, welfare rights and liberty rights are very important to the nursing profession. As nurses, our duty is to protect the moral rights of our patients always. With liberty rights it is our duty to protect our clients life, and with welfare right is our duty to rescue our clients from potential dangers or even death.